解析雅思大作文段落论证基本方式（下）

举例法 :

用于事例加以说明 , 从而增加论证的说服力 , 同时也是增加字数的一种简单的方法 . 举例法常用连接词有 :for example, for instance, such as, namely, take something for example, etc, 有时候我们还可以用一些句子来拖例子 , 比如 This is true given the example of … ; 还能用一些副词来接续后面的例子 , 比如 indeed, today, nowadays… 等 .

以下我们来看一些经典的例子 :

1. Television has negative effects on people. For instance , television commercials distort the truth about products. Crime films on television encourage violence. And television documentaries stop people from thinking independently.

2. Thanks to the advancement of transportation tools, people can buy a medley of foods without going abroad, which symbolizes the growth of the living standard. For example , foods like French cheese, Korean pickles, American turkeys, which could rarely be purchased in the domestic market, are becoming popular inChina; whilst western people can buy Chinese dumplings and fruits in their own country. As a result of this, food dealers have made huge profit from it, thereby promoting the sector as well as creating more jobs.

3.  Apart from energizing the athletes, physical strength helps them plough into the games enthusiastically and with confidence and even act as a deterrent force to their rivals to some extent. For example , Michael Phelps, an American swimmer, won eight at 2008 Beijing Games surpassing American swimmer 's seven gold performance at in 1972. What would he achieve, without his transpersonal physical constitution?

上述 3 段文字通过简单的举例 , 既增加了论述性 , 又加长了段落的篇幅 , 可谓是一举二得 . 但是有时候 , 举例子还可以通过不同的词和句子来引导 , 比如 :

4. This is sometimes true given the examples of many gifted athletes who failed to win the finals, such as the football team of theNetherlandswhich was always regarded as the expected winner of the World Cup but often disappointed the world in the end. Lack team spirit and cohesion lead to the frequent failure of their games.

5.  However, there are significant social, economic, and environmental drawbacks gained by purchasing imported food products. Examples of proposed environmental downsides include increased packaging, increased impact of transportation, higher livestock densities, etc .

再如 , 有些情况下 , 我们甚至可以将举例法应用于段落的主题句里 , 比如 :

6.  Academic subjects, such as reading and writing, play a vital role in the education system.

在这个句子里 ,such as 是部分举例 , 倘若遇到全部举例时 , 只需将连接词换成 namely 即可 .

因果法 :

分为 2 个层面 , 一是先因后 , 二是先果后因 ,2 者皆属于因果法 , 此法也是 4 种论述手法中主要的一种 , 也几乎是每篇文章必然会使用的方法 , 因果法常用的连接词有 :therefore, as a result, as a consequence, consequently, because of this, hence, thus, thereby, for this reason, result in, lead to, the cause of, the reason for, as a result of, owing to, due to, because, since, as, result from, boil down to, attribute to 等 . 因果法尤其在“分析解决型 ” 大作文中是主要的段落论述手法 .