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雅思阅读词汇中的“死猜”

更新:2022年02月21日 22:36 雅思无忧

雅思考试主要是通过对考生听、说、读、写四个方面英语能力的考核,综合测评考生的英语沟通运用能力,实现“沟通为本”的考试理念。对于雅思考生来说,也有很多考试难点和政策盲区需要帮助解答。今天雅思无忧网小编准备了文章雅思阅读词汇中的“死猜”,希望通过文章来解决雅思考生这方面的疑难问题,敬请关注。
雅思阅读词汇中的“死猜”

一、前言

针对雅思学员普遍存在的词汇量的问题,本文提出了一下一种帮助学员扩大词汇量的方法:“死猜”——侧重于备考,理解、识记单词。

二、何为“死猜”

所谓“死猜”,即根据构词法的知识,充分利用词根、前缀、后缀法以及词汇之间的意义关系,使自己的词汇量大化。
mis-(错误)+concept(感知)+- ion(名词后缀)=错误的看法;
in-(内部)+corp(实体、尸体)+-rate(动词后缀)=组合,合并;
multi-(多)+facet(方面)+-ed(形容词后缀)=多方面的,全方位的;
error(错误)+-eous(形容词后缀)=错误的;
access(接触,使用)+-ible(形容词后缀)=容易的,能接触到的;
modify(修正)+-cation(名词)=校正。
由此可见,“死猜”法记忆词汇存在一定的难度,要求学员要掌握一定的前缀、后缀、词根等知识。但,这种方法也不是可望而不可及的,认真读完这篇文章,计划证你受益匪浅。

三、怎样“死猜”

(一)根据构词法
1、前缀法prefixation
(1)否定前缀——a-,dis-,in-(il-,im-,ir-),non-,un-等,例如:
Disenchantment with orthodox medicine has seen the popularity of alternative therapies in Australia climb steadily during the past 20 years. (C4T2P2)
解析:dis-(否定前缀)+enchant(使着迷)+-ment(名词后缀)=失望;即便猜不出该词汇的具体意义,至少我们可以看出它是贬义词。
(2)反向前缀——de-,dis-,un-等,例如:
In many countries, deregulation has helped to drive the process long. (C6T1P1)
解析:de-(去掉)+regulate(制定规则)+-ion(名词后缀)=去制度,解除制度
(3)贬义前缀——mal-,mis-,pseudo-等,例如:
Malnutrition poses a challenge for all low-income developing countries, large or *all. (选自www.)
解析:mal-+nutrition(营养)=营养不良;或者至少可以猜出此词是贬义词汇。
(4)尺寸 、程度前缀——arch-,extra-,hyper-,macro-,micro-,mini-,out-,over-,sub-,super-,sur-,ultra-,under-等,例如:
Understandably, perhaps, they some times overstate their arguments. (C5T1P1)
解析:over-(多)+state(评论,说)=夸张
(5)倾向、态度前缀——anti-,contra-,counter-,pro-等,例如:
State ownership of airlines railways and airlines regulation of freight rates and toleration of anti-competitive practices, …. (C6T1P2)
解析:anti-(反,对抗)+competitive(竞争的)=反对竞争的
(6)方位前缀——extra-,fore-,inter-,intra-,tele-,trans-等,例如:
After about 300 hours of training they are generally sufficiently fluent to tran*it the language to the next generation. (C4T2P1)
解析:trans-(跨越)+-mit(传播)=传输
(7)时间、顺序前缀——ex-,fore-,post-,pre-,re-等,例如:
But volcanoes are not very predictable. (C4T3P2)
解析:pre-(提前、预先)+dict(说)+-able(能的,有能力的)=可以预测的
(8)数字前缀
表示“一半”—semi-(拉丁),hemi-(希腊);
表示“一”—uni-(拉丁),mono-(希腊);
表示“二”—bi-(拉丁),di-(希腊);
表示“三”—tri-(希腊);
表示“四”—quadr-(拉丁),tetra-(希腊);
表示“五”—quint-(拉丁),pent-(希腊);
表示“六”—sex-(拉丁),hexa-(希腊);
表示“七”—sept-(拉丁);hept-(希腊);
表示“八”—octa-;
表示“九”—non-(拉丁);enne-(希腊);
表示“十”—deci-(拉丁),deca-;
表示“许多”—multi-(拉丁),poly-(希腊);
表示“百”—cent-(拉丁),hect-(希腊);
表示“千”—mil-(拉丁),kilo-(希腊);
表示“万”—mega-(希腊)
2、后缀法suffixation
(1)名词后缀Noun suffixes 名词+后缀
① 表示具体“人”的名词+名词后缀——-eer,-er,-ess,-ette, -let,例如:
“We’ve a tradition of doctors being fairly powerful and I guess they are pretty loath to allow any pretenders to their position to come into it.” (C4T2P2)
解析:pretend(假装v.)+-er(表“人”后缀)=装模作样的人
② 表示具体“人”的动词+名词后缀——-ant,-ee,-ent(-or),例如:
Often, when studying their mother tongue, linguists act as their informants, judging the ambiguity, acceptability, or other properties of utterances against their own intuitions. (C4T3P3)
解析:inform(通知)+-ant=告密者;此处专指为语言研究提供资料的人
表示抽象“动作、结果、过程、状态”的动词+名词后缀——-age,-al,-ance,-ation(-ition,-tion,-sion,-ion),-ence,-ing,-ment
③ 形容词+后缀——-ity,-ness,例如:
Often, when studying their mother tongue, linguists act as their informants, judging the ambiguity, acceptability, or other properties of utterances against their own intuitions. (C4T3P3)
解析:ambiguous(模棱两可的)+-ity=模棱两可;accept(接受)+-able(能的)+-ity=可接受性。
(2)形容词后缀Adjective suffixes
① 名词+形容词后缀——-ed,-ful,-ish,-less,-like,-ly,-y,例如:
Archaeology is partly the discovery of the treasures of the past, partly the careful work of the scientific *yst, partly the exercise of the creative imagination. (C4T4P2)
解析:care(关心、关注)+-ful=仔细的,细心的。
② 动词+形容词后缀——-able(-ible),-ive(-ative,-sive),例如:
… there emerged an awareness in Western society that resources for provision of fossil fuel energy were finite and exhaustible and that the capacity of nature or environment to sustain economic development and population was also finite. (C4T4P3)
解析:exhaust(消耗)+-ible(能的,有能力的)=可以耗尽的,可以枯竭的。
(3)副词后缀Adverb suffixes
-ly,-wards,-wise,例如:
Making a rapid emotional asses*ent of the events of the moment is an extremely demanding job for the brain, animal or human. (C5T2P2)
解析:extreme(为的)+-ly=为地,端地。
(4)动词Verb suffixes——-ate,-en,-ify/fy,-ize/-ise,例如:
This causes the outer layer of the pane to contract and solidify before the interior. (C5T4P2)
解析:solid(牢固的)+-ify=使……变牢固。
3、合成法compounding
(1)名词合成词
Volcanoes have not only made continents, they are also thought to have made the world’s first stable atmosphere and provided all the water for the oceans rivers and ice-caps. (C4T3P2)
解析:ice(冰)+caps(帽子)=冰帽,冰盖,冰冠。
(2)形容词合成词
…, in which phenol and formaldehyde (from wood or coal) were initially combined under vacuum inside a large egg-shaped kettle. (C5T2P1)
解析:egg(蛋)+shape(形状)+-ed(形容词后缀)=蛋形的。
(3)动词合成词
The ‘Missouri’ programme was predicated on research showing that working with the family, rather than bypassing the parents, is the most effective way of helping children get off to the best start in life. (C5T3P1)
解析:by(介词)+pass(经过)=忽略、忽视。
(4)副词合成词
, … he would do it single-handed, … (C5T1P1)
解析:single(单个的)+hand(手)+-ed(形容词、副词后缀)=自地、一个人地。
4、词性转换法
Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about‘pure’, curriculum science.(C4T1P1)
解析:harbour,作名词,表示“港口”,作名词,表示“持有”,相当于hold,maintain。
(二)根据词汇的词义关系
1、同/近义关系Synonym
(1)The fourth question concerned the causes of the destruction of rainforests. Perhaps encouragingly, more than half the pupils (59%) identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalizing the responsibility by the use of terms such as ‘we’. (C4T1P1)
解析:仔细阅读前后文,destruction与后文中的destroying是同义关系。
(2)But Australia’s success story is about more than easily copied technological fixes, and up to no now nation has replicated its all-encompassing system. (C6T1P1)
解析:前句中的copied与后文中的replicated是同义关系。
2、反义关系Antonym
First, energy and other natural resources have become abundant, not less so, since…. (C5T1P2)
解析:根据not 这个次前后连接的信息,可以知道,abundant在意义上应该与less so相反,所以应该是“多的,丰富的”的意思。
前后文之间的特定词汇关系,还有上义词与下义词之间的关系。如“pooer air quality”(下义词)=pollution(上义词),“circle and square”(下义词)=shapes(上义词)。
四、结语
除以上为常见的构词法以外,雅思阅读中还另有其他一些构词方法,也可供学有余力的学员参考、学习。如词汇截短法(advertisement=ad;zoological park=zoo;refrigerator=fridge等),混合法(motor+hotel=motel;fog+*oke=*og;breakfast+lunch=brunch),字母缩略法(the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation=UNESCO;International Olympics Committee=IOC;Commonwealth of Independent States=CIS;European Economic Community=EEC),专有名词转化法(Baekeland是酚醛塑料的发明人,后来酚醛塑料便以此人名字命名——bakelite)。
能够熟练的掌握这些猜词方法,短期来看,在考场上,可以解你燃眉之急;长远来看,可以更有效的扩大英语学习者的词汇量。

作者介绍:

上海名师
【主讲】雅思写作、雅思阅读
【微博】@ 上海于君星
【特色】孜孜以求的态度,只为呈现条理清晰、思路缜密的课堂;坚持不懈地努力,只为更准确地把握考脉搏,让课堂重点突出、详略得当。能够根据学员的语言基础、学习特点,快速捕捉学员的问题所在,并对症下药、提出解决方案,达到快速提分的效果。
【经历】山东理工大学外语学院英语教学法;华东师范大学外语学院英语语言文学

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