雅思真题4听力t1精讲 【雅思阅读翻译】C4T1P2——鲸的感官

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

An examination of the functioning of the senses in cetaceans, the group of mammals comprising whales, dolphins and porpoises

一项对于 鲸目 动物（包括鲸、海豚、鼠海豚等 哺乳动物 ）的感官功能测试

Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. For example, it appears from their brain structure that toothed species are unable to *ell. Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are functional. It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of *ell may have been nearly all sacrificed. Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are rudimentary.

对于我们和其他陆地哺乳动物来说，一些感官是理所应当的，但是对于鲸来说，这些感官要么衰退或消失，要么在水中无法正常地发挥作用。例如，齿鲸的 大脑结构 显示，它们不具备嗅觉。然而，虽然 须鲸 具备与嗅觉相关的大脑结构，人们现在也不知道它们是否起作用。据推测，当它们的（呼吸）气孔进化并移动到头顶时，服务于嗅觉感官的神经通路就已经几乎不见了。同样，尽管还有一些 鲸鱼 拥有味蕾，服务于它们的神经也已经退化或者变得迟钝了。

The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably mistaken. Trainers of captive dolphins and *all whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and free ranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly *s and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most species. The area around the blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captive animals often object strongly to being touched there.

有时，人们会认为它们的触觉也很弱，但是这种观点可能是错误的。圈养海豚和小海豚的训练员常常会谈论到它们对于碰触和摩擦的动物反应。而且无论是圈养海豚还是放养海豚，整个族群中个体之间的接触都更加频繁（尤其是成年海豚和幼年海豚之间，或同一亚群的成员之间）。这种接触有利于维护群体内部的秩序，而且对于大多数种类的鲸来说，轻抚和碰触都是求偶行为的一部分。气孔周围的区域是尤其敏感的，圈养鲸类非常反感被碰触那里。

The sense of vision is developed to different degrees in different species. Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision under- water, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. However, the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic vision.

不同种类的鲸，视觉感官的发达程度也不尽相同。人们在水下近距离研究表明，须鲸（具体来说就人工饲养一年的 灰鲸 幼崽和 阿根廷 、夏威夷沿海拍摄的放养露脊鲸和 座头鲸 ）明显具有可以利用视觉在水中追踪猎物，而且它们不论在水中还是在空中都能看得很清楚。然而，须鲸眼睛的位置限制了它们视线的区域，所以它们可能不具备立体视觉。

On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and downward. Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. By comparison, the bottle-nose dolphin has extremely keen vision in water. Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air–water interface as well . And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take *all fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary.

从另一方面看，大部分海豚和 江豚 的眼睛位置说明它们拥有向前和向下的立体视觉。 淡水海豚 经常测游，或在进食时肚皮朝上，这说明它们拥有向前和向后的立体视觉。相反的是，宽吻海豚在水下有很好的视力。从它观察和追踪空中飞鱼的方式看来，它穿过水面向空中也可以看得很清楚。而且，尽管初步试验结果表明海豚的空中视力并不好，但它们能从水中跃起很高，并准确地吃到驯兽师手里的小鱼。这就用事实证据表明上述结论是错误的。

Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habitats in which individual species have developed. For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains. The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light.

当然，这些变异可以通过个别物种的生存环境来解释。例如，相比居住于混住的河流和洪水泛滥平原上的鲸，对于居住在清澈宽广水域中的鲸来说，视力无疑更加有用。比方说南美洲的 亚马逊河豚 和中国的 白鳍豚 视力都很有限，印度恒河豚根本看不见，它们的视力减弱成了两条缝，只能感知到方向和光的强度。

Although the senses of taste and *ell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of sounds they produce, and many forage for food using echo- locationv①. Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their repertoire. Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bow-head whales in summer and the complex, haunting utterances of the humpback whales. Toothed species in general employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds, than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science.

尽管味觉和嗅觉严重退化，水下视力也不确定，这些缺陷却完全可以被它们非常发达的听觉系统所弥补。尽管音域不尽相同，但大部分种类的鲸鱼都很会“唱歌”而且可以利用回声定位来觅食。大须鲸主要使用低频段的声音，而且声音种类很有限。值得一提的例外是夏天里 北极露脊鲸 歌曲般的合唱和座头鲸复杂又令人难忘的话语。相比须鲸，齿鲸一般可以使用更多的频谱，并且发出更多种类的声音（尽管 抹香鲸 只能发出一系列单调尖锐的咔哒声）。尽管声音在鲸鱼的社交生活和“文化”中扮演什么角色更是一种胡乱猜测而不是严谨的科学，但显然，一些更复杂的声音更具备交流能力。

①. Echolocation: the perception of objects by means of sound wave echoes.

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space. But pictures are more than literal representations. This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning. To show this motion, she traced a curve inside the circle (Fig. 1). I was taken aback. Lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of illustration. Indeed, as art scholar David Kunzle notes, Wilhelm Busch, a trend-setting nineteenth-century cartoonist, used virtually no motion lines in his popular figures until about 1877.

最近的一系列研究表明，盲人可以理解用轮廓线和透视图表示的物体排列及空中的其他表面。但是图片表达的意思更胜于文字表述。当我研究的一位盲人女性自发地划出一个正在滚动的车轮时，这个现象极大地吸引了我的注意。为了展示车轮的运动，她在圆的中心画了一条曲线。我被吓了一跳。表示运动的线，例如她刚画的这条，是插图史上最近才有的发明。事实上，正如艺术学者David Kunzle所说，引领了19世纪潮流的卡通画家Wilhelm Busch直到1877年之前都没有在他最流行的人物形象中使用动态线条。

When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel’s spokes as curved lines. When asked about these curves, they all described them as metaphorical ways of suggesting motion. Majority rule would argue that this device somehow indicated motion very well. But was it a better indicator than, say, broken or wavy lines – or any other kind of line, for that matter? The answer was not clear. So I decided to test whether various lines of motion were apt ways of showing movement or if they were merely idiosyncratic marks. Moreover, I wanted to discover whether there were differences in how the blind and the sighted interpreted lines of motion.

当我要求其他接受研究的盲人画一个滚动的轮子时，一种很聪明的画法反复出现了：一些盲人把车轮的辐条画成了曲线。当被问到这些曲线时，他们都说这是一种表示运动的比喻手法。多数人规则，会认为，这种方式可以很好地表示运动。但是对于这种现象。会不会有种更好的表示方法，例如虚线和波浪线，或其他形式的线呢？答案还不明确。所以我决定测试各种表示运动的线条分别适合表示哪种运动，或者也许它们只是一些特殊符号。而且，我想要发现盲人和普通人眼中表示运动的线条有没有什么区别。

To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeter of the wheel. I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or braking. My control group consisted of eighteen sighted undergraduates from the University of Toronto.

为了找出答案，我用凸起的线条画出了五个轮子，分别把辐条画成了曲线、折线、波浪线、虚线和伸出车轮的线。接着，我请18位盲人志愿者触摸轮子，并请他们把每个轮子对应在以下运动中：摇晃、迅速转动、稳定转动、颠簸或刹车。我的对照组由18多伦多大学的普通大学生组成。

All but one of the blind subjects assigned distinctive motions to each wheel. Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought, suggested that the wheel was wobbling; and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel’s perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly.

除了其中一人，所有的盲人都把不同的运动与轮子相对应了。大部分人猜测曲线辐条表示轮子在平稳转动，波浪辐条表示车轮在摇晃，折线车轮表示车子受到颠簸。受试者猜测，辐条伸出车轮边缘表示轮子处于刹车状态，而虚线表示轮子在快速转动。

In addition, the favored description for the sighted was the favored description for the blind in every instance. What is more, the consensus among the sighted was barely higher than that among the blind. Because motion devices are unfamiliar to the blind, the task I gave them involved some problem solving. Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out meanings for each line of motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects.

另外，普通人喜爱的表达与盲人喜爱的表达基本一致。而且普通人之间的共识度并不比盲人高。因为盲人对运动装置并不熟悉，所以我给他们的任务中也包括解决一些问题。但是，很明显，盲人不仅搞明白了线条运动的意义，而且作为一个团队，他们达成共识的普遍频率也不比普通人低。

We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well. One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart – choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child. With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from China, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symboli* behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning. We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to a square. For example, we asked: What goes with soft? A circle or a square? Which shape goes with hard?

我们发现，盲人也能理解其他种类的视觉符号。一个盲人女性在一个心形中间画了一个小孩——她说，选择这个符号，是为了表示孩子被爱包围。于是我和一个中国博士生刘长虹开始研究：盲人对于心形这样不直接表达含义的符号背后的意义，到底理解到了什么样的程度。我们给了普通人20对单词，并要求他们在每一对单词中选择一个代表圆圈的和一个代表方框的。比方说，我们问：哪个表示柔软呢？圆圈还是方框？哪个又表示坚硬？

All our subjects deemed the circle soft and the square hard. A full 94% ascribed happy to the circle, instead of sad. But other pairs revealed less agreement: 79% matched fast to slow and weak to strong, respectively. And only 51% linked deep to circle and shallow to square. (See Fig. 2) When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted subjects. One man, who had been blind since birth, scored extremely well. He made only one match differing from the consensus, assigning ‘far’ to square and ‘near’ to circle. In fact, only a *all majority of sighted subjects – 53% – had paired far and near to the opposite partners. Thus, we concluded that the blind interpret abstract shapes as sighted people do.

所有的受试者都认为圆形表示柔软而方块表示坚硬。94%的人认为开心与圆形对应，而不是悲伤。也有一些词组出现了不同的意见：79%的人在快-慢和强-弱对比上意见分别一致。而只有51%的人认为圆形表示深，方形表示浅。当我们用完全一样的列表测试四个完全看不到的盲人时，我们发现他们的选择与普通人的选择非常相似。有个先天失明的人做得特别好。他只有一次连线与之前的移至答案不同，那就是把“远”与方联系起来，把近和圆联系起来。事实上，只有刚刚53%的普通人在远近上给出了相反的答案。因此，我们可以得出结论：盲人可以像普通人一样理解抽象图案的意义。

This table illustrates the [data](normally we say illustrate the changes or the situation, or show you the data )of consumers spending on various items in [the following five countries, ](omit them!)Ireland, Italy,Spain, Sweden and Turkey in 2002.According to the table, it’s obvious that Irelandand and(!)Turkey spent(I'd rather use account for) the [most](highest) percentage of money, [while](with) 28.91% for Ireland and 32.14% for Turkey, on food, drinks and tobacco. The other 3 countries had [similar](nearly even. Here similar will raise confusion.) percentage at an average of nearly 17%, which is far lower than (that of) the previous countries. Then in the item of clothing and footwear Italy stood out with a 9%and the rest of the countries range from 5% to 7%. [Different from](in contrast with) the former 2items, [countries](the countries') spending didn’t vary too much from each other in the item of leisure and education. Italy went to 4.35% and Spain sit at 1.98%.[Every country has its unique way of life](It's the people not the country that have their way of life. I'd rather say People in different countries have different life styles.). We can judge them only through consumers spending[, but](.But) it may be better if [we](they) spend more money on education and leisure.
注:中括号里的内容是觉得有问题的部分，之后括号内的内容是给出的替换。时间关系只能说这么多了，希望能帮到你。

剑桥雅思第s套第一题测试题。
在雅思考试中，c代表剑桥雅思，cs就代表剑桥雅思s套，t代表test，是测试题的意思，t几就是第几题测试题。
剑桥雅思所包含的最新雅思全真试题资料由剑桥大学考试委员会外语考试部提供，是各类雅思考生备考过程中必不可少的参考书，还原真是的考试感受。