雅思听力真题unlike 9月12日 (上海)雅思口语,听力,写作,阅读考什么? - ...

雅思口语高频话题都有什么？都喜欢聊什么啊

• 雅思口语考试的高频话题分类：pressure, study, hobby, people, place, work, family, special skill 以及 shopping 这九大话题分类。

• 雅思口语第一部分高频话题，经常围绕考生的 Personal Information 展开，经常针对这一类考题所涉及到的话题，最常见的围绕于 music, reading, TV, film, sport, Inter 等；

• 雅思口语第二部分大体归纳为衣食住行四大类；雅思口语第三部分高频话题是围绕第二部分的 ic 提出的一系列延展类话题，所以重点还是以第二部分为基准，大体归类第二部分考题有五大类：人物类，地点类，事件类，物品类以及高科技类。

雅思口语干货：高频话题Fruits怎么说

Fruits
1. Do you like to eat fruit(s) and vegetables?
2. What kind of fruit do you like?
3. What’s your favorite fruit?
4. Do you think people should eat more fruits and vegetables?
5. What are the benefits for children from eating fruits and vegetables?
6. How much fruit and vegetables do you think a person needs to stay healthy?
可以和考官聊↓
Apricot 杏――常被加工成 (processed into)果脯 (dried fruit)
Avocado 牛油果――并不是国内常吃的水果，但在西方的饮食文化中常常出现：比如带有牛油果的色拉，或者牛油果冰沙 ( *** oothies)，有时也可作为装饰菜 (garnish)
Blueberry 蓝莓――甜，有营养，而且广受欢迎 (sweet, nutritious and widely popular);富含著名的花青素，常吃可起到抗氧化的作用 (a good source of anthocyanin and have the highest antioxidant capacity)
Coconut 椰子――夏天还可以吃到美味的椰子冻 (coconut jelly)
Date 枣――维C含量最高(a good source of Vitamin C)
Mangosteen 山竹――果实的形状比较特殊，像梨子的形状。新鲜的果实是雪白色，味甜而多汁，而且香味扑鼻 (the fruit is unique pear-shaped, snow-white, sweet and juicy; the flavour is tangy and fragrant)
Pomegranate 石榴――外皮儿是微红色的，厚，不可食用;可食用的是里面的籽儿，而且籽儿长得也比较特殊，是那种像水包起来的果肉 (The reddish skin is thick and inedible, but there are hundreds of edible (可食用的) seeds inside; Each seed has a surrounding water-laden pulp)
Why do we eat MORE fruits?
从小，爸爸妈妈没少说：多吃蔬菜水果--有益健康。水果们酸酸甜甜的口感(sweet and sour)不仅能满足你的味蕾 (satisfy your taste buds)，也藏着身体最需要的各种能量。
-- 好吃多汁scrumptious and suulent
-- 增强免疫力，医生医生远离我boosts your immune system and keeps your disease free
The health benefits of fruits guarantee you optimum health and a well-built body in the long run. The bination of powerful minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, flavonoids and the countless nutrients make fruits very advantageous for your health. The daily consumption of fresh fruits lowers the risk of strokes/ high blood pressure/ indigestion/ cancer/ heart disease/ diabetes/ and other chronic diseases.
还有一种水果，大家对它绝对是爱憎分明。
榴莲--durian
If you've ever *** elled a durian even once, you probably remember it.
Regarded by many people in Southeast Asia as the notorious "king of fruits", the durian is distinctive for its large size, strong odour, and formidable thorn-covered husk.
The fruit's flesh is sometimes eaten raw, or is cooked and used to flavour a number of dishes and candies.
Some people regard the durian as having a pleasantly sweet fragrance; others find the aroma overpowering with an unpleasant odour.It *** ells like shit and tastes like farts...and gym socks. The *** ells evokes reactions from deep appreciation to intense disgust.
For whatever reason, people continue to be drawn to durian.
To durian lovers, the taste is mildly sweet, almondy and very creamy, not unlike a rich cheesecake. It has a whiff of alcohol about it, which explains why eating it gives you this hot feeling inside--like you've downed a shot of vodka.
You either hate it, or you love it. Intensely.

雅思口语话题 我喜欢的公园

喔 还有一件事，几天前帮我指导的ABC夫下线上的教师说过 其实想征服英语应该是不费力地~一定具有符合的学习情境和进修口语物件 老师水平是关键，口语纯正很重要 保持每天口语练习，1v1家教式教学才能够有非常.好.的进步效率！完成课堂后同样要回放复习课堂音讯 把所学知识融会贯通~如果真的无物件可练习的情况，就到旺旺或沪江获取课余教材练习，多说、多练、多问、多听、多读 短时间口语能力就提升起来，学习成长是必定最佳的..不算跑题，但是...看你的语法和当时的状态，说的好的话分都有可能，不好的话，给你一个面子分吧，分，看你基础怎么样啊

雅思口语真题都有些什么？

我的雅思口语提高是通过易格学习的，他们的师资很强大。
我觉得可以多看些外国电影，这样在乐趣中增加了自己的词汇量。
易格都是外教都是有多年雅思国际教学经验，*针对辅导。
他们价效比非常高，相当于传统的三分之一。
对于“雅思口语真题都有些什么？”的回答，希望能让你满意。

雅思口语常见错误都有什么？

首先就是听不懂再问一下考官,这个没有什么.人家考的是语言交流能力,听不懂再问很正常.但是答错了方向就出了大问题了.
还有就是英音和美音,二者不要混起来说就好.说美音也是没有关系的.
注意一下he与she,这个是中国学生经常犯的低阶错误.上面说介绍一下自己的father,下面就说she怎么怎么样...这是不行的.
还有一些尽量不要用的词汇,像Ithink(用其他的代替,像as far as I concerned, from my view of point, I believe/argue/deem/reckon, to my mind, as I see it, in my eyes).
其他也就没什么。只要他问你一个问题你不要回一句话就完事了，尽量说到3句就好^^
祝你成功哦~

雅思口语jewellery和favourite wild anamial 写什么啊？

As for the ic of jewellery, what you should say are: first- you can say you have a lot of jewelleries, and say that your favorite one is ....., and what are the reasons. you can say the jewellery is your parents' gift for your 18th birthday. you can also say the jewellery cantained a very moving story beeen your best friend and you .
the second ic is much more easier. you need to describle a wild animal. but you shoule pay attention to "the wild animal" and choose a right one . after describing it , you shoule say why it is your favorite wild animal. you can say that we need to set up a harmonous society in which human and animals can live peacefully together and so on !

雅思口语话题，2021雅思口语话题谁有？十分感激解答！

一定要好好利用【北外雅思】按时的练习听力,争取听3遍以上，没事了就听真题，对于你熟悉语境和语速，内容很有帮助。听力原文最好可以看看，里面的一些小词都是很有可能考到的。

2021雅思口语话题

易格的线上英语雅思口语课程，随时随地，时间自由灵活，雅思外教都是考官，提高口语和写作方面还是不错的。

雅思口语模拟话题之你最喜欢的书什么

My favourite book is My Life Story, which was created by an American writer, Helen Keller in 1902. She was blind, deaf, and dumb. This book describes her own experience and her hard struggle to bee a well-known writer and educator of the world. It shows us a universal truth that "Where there's a will, there's a way."

雅思口语话题an anization

pany’s culture serves multiple functions within an anization. Organizational culture refers to a system of shared meanings held by members that distinguishes the anization from others . Furthermore, it is a mechani *** by which an anization and its members learn to manage both external challenges and achieve internal integration . Strong cultures are characterized by core values that are both intensely held and widely shared. There appear to be three core traits mon to strong effective cultures. First, there is clarity of vision, mission, and values among employees throughout the enterprise. This allows workers the opportunity to understand what drives the anization’s strategy. Second, employees at all levels understand their individual and inter-dependent roles in attaining the corporate vision. Employees in different departments and business units work together to plete tasks and to advance both growth and process improvement objectives. This mon understanding will further the corporate vision. Finally, there must be a strong alignment beeen employee attitudes and strategic goals and objectives. When people believe that their personal, professional, and/or lifestyle objectives are advanced by their current oupation, they are more likely to have positive attitudes toward the workplace. This in turn, encourages both loyalty and productivity . However, when the anization’s values and norms no longer agree with those that will further the anization’s effectiveness; a strong corporate culture can bee a liability . Such was the case for Disney when the anization opened a theme park in Marne-la-Vallee, France, a town located 20 miles outside of Paris. The pany’s long-standing culture and practices proved too rigid for deeply rooted French preferences.

首先你要知道国外的英语考试一难度要比国内大很多，二是美国对成绩的要求要超过国内对英语成绩的要求。所以，新手们先下手为强，这是绝对必须地。一定要有早做准备，先下手为强的态度。所以，从现在开始，先练习口语和听力，趁时间有点儿充足，就开始大量地看原声版的美国电影或者是美剧吧，这对于你来讲，是十分有利的一个准备阶段。

准备的时候，你要给自己下定一个目标，托福的满分是120分，也就是说，你对你自己的期许值是多少，你究竟可以为这个分数付出多少。还有，告诉各位同学的是，美国的一般学校对于托福的成绩要求大概都会在百分以上。所以，你不要把你的期许值定得太低，否则也是无效的。

所以，在分析完了自己的优势和劣势后，你就要开始准备你的复习资料了。市场上有各种各样的托福资料，你要找到一系列最适合你的，包括难易程度，以及阅读习惯等。例如词汇书，找那种关联性强的词汇书进行记忆，最有效。而阅读类的，不要一开始就找那种难得让你灰心的阅读题去做，这样只会增加你的负担，而不会让你轻松地去面对。

刚开始的时候，我们也不要着急地去做一些真题。当然，你可以拿一套真题看一下他们的题型，以及用来分析一下难易程度，你在此上有多少把握或者是不足。通过各种各样的方式，你就会找到自己在托福上的定位。

还有，记得要和过来人进行大量的交流，最好是在托福的交流网站上进行有效地沟通，不要只听他们的一些经验，而是找到适合自己的闪光的东西，进行归纳和总结。

以上只是你要开始准备的，后期你要做的工作还有很多。还有什么需要了解的可来AF教育了解，，授课老师具备在雅思、托福、ACT、SAT、IB、GCEAL、IGCSE、AP以及高校申请文书等方面有着多年的教学经验，立志为学员提供最全面的教学服务。

雅思写作5分标准，与6分有多大区分

就如何提高IELTS考试作文和口语的成绩，这个问题比较宽泛，同时也涉及到学习方法的问题。每个人的方法不同。对于口语的提高来说，比如找机会和native speaker用英语交流，大声朗读英文文章等都是很有效的方法。总之，多说多练并找到适合自己的方法是最重要的。
你想在两个月的时间内把写作从5分提高到6.5分，客观来说，难度是比较大的。但也不是没有可能的。这需要你下足功夫，多练多写，去新东方学个雅思6.5分的班级，有老师给与点评意见，相信会有明显的进步。

问雅思写作从5.5分提升1.5分到7分有多大把握

你可以先测试一下自己的雅思水平:tieba.baidu./p/5176768700，直接线上答题，交卷后系统自动给出分数评估结果。也对自己目前的雅思成绩有个了解，制定相应的学习计划。

雅思写作5分，学校要求6，求雅思写作补习班

你好，雅思写作保6分很容易,只要意思表达清楚,无很多的语法很拼写错误,再套2句模版里的话拿6分应该没问题,要上7分就非常困难了...那要下很大功夫,对于作文不好的同学,可以参考下模版,但是千万不要背别人的,可以找身边英语比较好的帮自己写一个简单的,然后要坚持3个原则,1:中心句一定要放在段落开头,点明主题 2:学会单词替换,例如文章中就不要出现 a lot of而换substantial之类的 3:从句不要太多太长,倒装和虚拟语气一个就好.
我建议到我们这做个免费的英语测试；因为，老师可以给你批改测试外，还能给你做个适合你雅思学习计划
如果你需要雅思学习资料和雅思备考资料可以在百度HI里和我沟通，我传给你~~

雅思写作机经是积分的标准

范围都是7分 最好在上完强化后 回家复习形成自己的模板 反复练习这个模板 很好使 我就是这么练得 第一次考作文6.5

慎小嶷雅思写作预测有多大用

这个问题.....写作预测如果只有10个题目，如果遇上一模一样的可能性...几乎没有吧，超过50个题目也就意味着几乎所有的内容都能涵盖了，这样的话谁的预测都是一样的，练习50篇提高很多了吗，你要是目标七分以上，小范围的预测很难命中啊，即便是pat的

雅思写作5分作文

雅思写作7分与5分表达的区别
很多同学在雅思写作上都总是5分左右，想有所突破该怎么做呢，到底5分和7分的表达有什么样的区别呢？以下内容，供备考中的考生们了解。
以同一个句子三种表达为例大家琢磨琢磨吧：
1. Interestingly, the newer metro systems are much shorter than the older ones.
2. It is interesting to note that the more recently established metro systems are far shorter than the older ones .
3. One interesting fact highlighted by the figure is that the more recently established systems are considerably shorter than the older ones.
再来三句：
1. It is also important to note that more girls go to high school in all parts of the world except East Asia.
2. It is also worth noting that females are more likely to attend second school in all regions except East Asia.
3. Also noteworthy is the fact that females are more likely to receive a secondary education in all regions except East Asia.
以上是雅思写作5分句式和和7分句式的区别。通过上面的例子，大家就可以看到，在句式的表达上，雅思写作5分和7分之间不仅仅是词汇的区别，更有语法和结构上的不同。所以大家在备考雅思写作的时候向着7分努力吧。
新航道雅思：:xhd./ielts/

雅思写作怎么上6分

雅思作文考的是语法和表达。要表达一个复杂意思的句子比一个要表达简单意思的句子难写多了，所以纯粹地注意语法和用词是无法取得高分的，要有内容。大多数议论性质的作文题目你都要先把论述的观点好好用中文想一遍，然后再想办法用平易的英文表达出来。外国人改作文不像中国老师，他会看你有没有真正思考过这个论题，举例子要用一些现实一些的，最好是时事方面的例子这样显得你不是为了作文而作文，是有想法的。
用词和造句不要太深奥，自然一些，如果不太确定，不要用太过于书面的词，最好保持整个文章风格的连贯性，你看很多高分作文用词并不是那么考究的，因为词汇已经在前面的题目中考过你了，作文部分主要还是看表达，达意的词就足够了。多看些好的范文，找专业老师进行指导，我身边出国的同学报的都是环球雅思，你也可以去看看，了解一下。

雅思写作怎么写有5分？

有结构~有论点！有一定的描述~就是5分
简单句也可以`~~语法错误也要少犯

雅思得分标准

听力是4。5分 阅读5分

雅思写作如何从5分提高到6分

雅思写作过程中，大家如果能够很好的避免一些错误，更恰当的运用一些常见的连词，就能在避免失分的前提下争取更好的分数，新航道网校本文就为大家总结雅思写作中的一些需要大家避免的错误和常见的连词。希望帮助大家在雅思考试中取得满意的成绩。

在雅思写作中大家要注意以下几点：

1、不要总以有生命的名词和人称代词开头(不要受汉语表达习惯的影响以 to use I, People and We,等开头);

2、千篇一律的使用主动语态容易给人不好的感觉;

3、要注意使用书面语体的句子，而不是一些口语意味较重的句子(如，因为，所以)

4、不要过分依赖动词，学会用动词名词化来表达;

5、要学会用否定句子表达肯定的意思，而不是总用肯定句来表达。

6、要恰当的使用排比句和平行句

以下是为大家介绍的例句：

Whenever you pick up a newspaper, you will always find advertisement

We are making great efforts to improve our English.

Many people think birth control is quite necessary in China.

If we only apply book knowledge, we will not get good results.

The style. of living has bee more and more popular and aepted by more and more young people.

Every young boy and girl wants to earn a little money to help cover higher college cost.

If you pare bicycles with cars carefully, you will find bicycles are superior to cars.

在考试中需要注意用到的以下的连词：

1.推断(Inference)

therefore, as a result(of), consequently, aordingly, so, otherwise

2.时间和空间(Time and space)

afterward, after, first, later, then, soon, outside, near, beyound, above, below, on the right(left), in the middle, opposite, in front of

3.对照(Contrast)

whereas, in contrast, on the other hand, instead, however, nevertheless, unlike, even though, on the contrary, while

4.增补(Addition)in addition, furthermore, again, also, besides, moreover, what`s more, similarly, next, finally.

5.比较(Comparison)

in the same way, likewise, similarly, equally, in parison, just as

6.因果(Cause and effect)

because, because of, for, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result(of), aordingly, hence, so, thus

7.让步(Concession)

although, though, after all, in spite of, nevertheless, still, provided, while it is true....

8.强调(Emphasis)

certainly, above all, indeed, of course, surely, actually, as a
matter of fact, chiefly, especially, primarily, in particular,
undoubtedly, absolutely, most imprtant

9.总结(Conclusion)

to sum up, to conclude, in a word, in short, in brief, all in all, in all, to put it in a nutshell, in summary

10.例证(Exemplification)

for example, for instance, that is, namely, such as, in other words, in this case, by way of illustration.

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课程包括：胡敏雅思大课堂、雅思语音语调课程、雅思阅读6分精讲课程、雅思口语6分精讲课程、雅思听力6分精讲课程、雅思阅读6.5分强化课程、雅思口语6.5分强化课程、雅思写作6分精讲课程、雅思写作6.5分强化课程、雅思口语必考话题精讲、雅思写作7分冲刺课程、雅思语法6分精讲课程、雅思词汇6分精讲课程、雅思阅读7分冲刺课程、雅思听力7分冲刺课程、雅思口语7分冲刺课程、雅思听力6.5分强化课程、剑桥雅思真题阅读(3,4,5)大讲堂、雅思面试官实战指导。
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全国乃至雅思考试内容主要有以下4个方面。

1、听力

雅思的听力始终是整个考试的第一部分，一般为独白或两人、多人对话，共有4个单元，38至42道题，普通培训类和学术类听力部分的题目完全一样。4个单元的难度是依次递增的。前两单元主要是一些日常生活中有关社会状态和人际关系的各种场景，例如关于食宿或购物的谈话。后两个单元则是学生在学习过程中遇到的一些典型场景，如与导师或管理人员的讨论以及简短的课程介绍，或对教育、学术以及世界性话题的探讨，具有实际性和常识性的特点。

听力部分常见的题型包括选择题(与托福的选择题类似，有备选选项)、简答题、填空题、图表题、配对题(如将所给图片与所听的内容匹配)。

2、阅读

雅思考试中普通培训类和学术类阅读部分的试卷完全不同。普通培训类的文章基本来自广告、报纸、说明书、时间表、杂志等一些实用性很强的文字载体，考题测试的目的是看考生能否在阅读中获取、理解并处理最基本的生存信息，因此考题主要是对考生的总体理解能力、定位文中细节能力和对比文中细节能力等进行考核。题型多样，有配对题、简答题、完成句子、选择段落标题、图表题等等。文章长度及体裁并不像托福阅读那样固定，但内容却都是考生在国外生活中所必须面对的东西，由于国内英语学习侧重阅读一些学术性较强的文章，所以考生一开始接触雅思考试会面临一种尴尬，那就是文章篇幅不长，内容也很简单，但却找不到答题所需的信息点。

学术类阅读的文章首先在长度上远远超过托福考试，整个阅读试卷只有3篇文章，文章长度从700词到1500词不等，要在限定的60分钟内完成阅读并解答38至42道题，测试的重点是考查考生对文章基本结构和一些重要信息的掌握情况。其题型与普通培训类雅思考试一样多种多样。

3、写作

写作是测试语言能力的重要方式。目前大多数的美国院校要求申请者必须提供写作成绩，而且将此作为录取申请者的一项重要依据。

雅思考试普通培训类和学术类写作部分的试题也有所不同，考试时间均为1小时，要求考生完成两篇文章，第一篇字数要求为150词，第二篇字数要求为250词。普通培训类的第一道试题要求考生根据题目设定的情况写一封信，内容多与日常生活有关，如抱怨、求职、询问情况等等。学术类的第一道题则要求考生在20分钟内对试卷提供的图表所表达的信息、趋势进行准确的描述。普通培训类和学术类的第二道题目风格相同，都是要求考生就某一观点或现象写一篇议论文，选题多为较大众化的话题，让考生有话可说。

4、口语

托福考试没有口语部分，想要申请助教奖学金的考生往往还要再进行一次口语考试。与托福考试不同，雅思考生面对的不是已录好的规范考题，而是要直接面对考官，进行*的面试。这也是雅思考试之所以得到越来越多的认可的原因之一。

雅思的口语面试有一定的模式，评分具有公正度和可信度。口语部分分四个阶段，第一阶段，考官会提出一些简单的基本问题，以舒缓考生的紧张心情。过渡到第二阶段后，考官会请考生就某一问题进行详细的阐述或对某一过程进行描述。然后在第三阶段，考官会给考生提供一张clue card(角色扮演卡)，两个人分别扮演角色，由考生根据卡片上的内容向考官提问，这一阶段往往令很多考生感到很难把握。在最后的一个阶段，考官会请考生来谈一谈将来的计划和打算。整个谈话偏向生活化、口语化，较为轻松。世界同一天考题都是一样的..

托福TPO作为大家托福备考的模考工具，它的题目对我们有很大的参考价值，为了帮助大家备考，下面我给大家带来托福TPO2Part2阅读原文及参考答案，望喜欢。

托福TPO2Part2阅读原文

The Origins Of Cetaceans

It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke1 and blowhole2 cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale. The fossil was officially named Pakicetus in honor of the country where the discovery was made. Pakicetus was found embedded in rocks formed from river deposits that were 52 million years old. The river that formed these deposits was actually not far from an ancient ocean known as the Tethys Sea.

The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte, an extinct group of ancestors of modern cetaceans. Although limited to a skull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans. The skull is cetacean-like but its jawbones lack the enlarged space that is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater sound in modern whales. Pakicetus probably detected sound through the ear opening as in land mammals. The skull also lacks a blowhole, another cetacean adaptation for diving. Other features, however, show experts that Pakicetus is a transitional form between a group of extinct flesh-eating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans. It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land.

Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too *all to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.

An even more exciting find was reported in 1994, also from Pakistan. The now extinct whale Ambulocetus natans ("the walking whale that swam") lived in the Tethys Sea 49 million years ago. It lived around 3 million years after Pakicetus but 9 million before Basilosaurus. The fossil luckily includes a good portion of the hind legs. The legs were strong and ended in long feet very much like those of a modern pinniped. The legs were certainly functional both on land and at sea. The whale retained a tail and lacked a fluke, the major means of locomotion in modern cetaceans. The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing. The large hind legs were used for propulsion in water. On land, where it probably bred and gave birth, Ambulocetus may have moved around very much like a modern sea lion. It was undoubtedly a whale that linked life on land with life at sea

Fluke: the two parts that constitute the large triangular tail of a whale

1. "Blowhole: a hole in the top of the head used for breathing

Paragraph 1: It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke3 and blowhole4 cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

托福TPO2Part2阅读题目

Directions: Mark your answer by filling in the oval next to your choice.

1. In paragraph 1, what does the author say about the presence of a blowhole in cetaceans?

It clearly indicates that cetaceans are mammals.

It cannot conceal the fact that cetaceans are mammals.

It is the main difference between cetaceans and land-dwelling mammals.

It cannot yield clues about the origins of cetaceans.

2. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?

It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like

There were great numbers of them.

They lived in the sea only.

They did not leave many fossil remains.

Paragraph 3: The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte, an extinct group of ancestors of modern cetaceans. Although limited to a skull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans. The skull is cetacean-like but its jawbones lack the enlarged space that is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater sound in modern whales. Pakicetus probably detected sound through the ear opening as in land mammals. The skull also lacks a blowhole, another cetacean adaptation for diving. Other features, however, show experts that Pakicetus is a transitional form between a group of extinct flesh-eating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans. It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land.

3. The word precious in the passage is closest in meaning to

Exact

Scarce

Valuable

Initial

4. Pakicetus and modern cetaceans have similar

Hearing structures

Adaptations for diving

Skull shapes

Breeding locations

5. The word it in the passage refers to

Pakicetus

Fish

Life

ocean

Paragraph 4: Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too *all to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.

6. The word exposed in the passage is closest in meaning to

Explained

Visible

Identified

Located

7. The hind leg of Basilosaurus was a significant find because it showed that Basilosaurus

Lived later than Ambulocetus natans

Lived at the same time as Pakicetus

Was able to swim well

Could not have walked on land

8. It can be inferred that Basilosaurus bred and gave birth in which of the following locations

On land

Both on land and at sea

In shallow water

In a marine environment

Paragraph 5: An even more exciting find was reported in 1994, also from Pakistan. The now extinct whale Ambulocetus natans ("the walking whale that swam") lived in the Tethys Sea 49 million years ago. It lived around 3 million years after Pakicetus but 9 million before Basilosaurus. The fossil luckily includes a good portion of the hind legs. The legs were strong and ended in long feet very much like those of a modern pinniped. The legs were certainly functional both on land and at sea. The whale retained a tail and lacked a fluke, the major means of locomotion in modern cetaceans. The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing. The large hind legs were used for propulsion in water. On land, where it probably bred and gave birth, Ambulocetus may have moved around very much like a modern sea lion. It was undoubtedly a whale that linked life on land with life at sea

9. Why does the author use the word luckily in mentioning that the Ambulocetus natans fossil included hind legs?

Fossil legs of early whales are a rare find.

The legs provided important information about the evolution of cetaceans.

The discovery allowed scientists to reconstruct a complete skeleton of the whale.

Until that time, only the front legs of early whales had been discovered.

10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?

Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

Even though Ambulocetus swam by moving its body up and down, it did not have a backbone.

The backbone of Ambulocetus, which allowed it to swim, provides evidence of its missing fluke.

Although Ambulocetus had no fluke, its backbone structure shows that it swam like modern whales.

By moving the rear parts of their bodies up and down, modern whales swim in a different way from the way Ambulocetus swam.

11. The word propulsion in the passage is closest in meaning to

Staying afloat

Changing direction

Decreasing weight

Moving forward

Paragraph 1: Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. ■How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? ■Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.■Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. ■In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale.

12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.

This is a question that has puzzled scientists for ages.

Where would the sentence best fit?

13-14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

This passage discusses fossils that help to explain the likely origins of cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins.

●

●

●

Answer Choices

1. Recent discoveries of fossils have helped to show the link between land mammals and cetaceans.

2. The discovery of Ambulocetus natans provided evidence for a whale that lived both on land and at sea.

3. The skeleton of Basilosaurus was found in what had been the Tethys Sea, an area rich in fossil evidence.

4. Pakicetus is the oldest fossil whale yet to be found.

5. Fossils thought to be transitional forms between walking mammals and swimming whales were found.

6. Ambulocetus' hind legs were used for propulsion in the water

托福TPO2Part2 阅读答案

参考答案：

1、2

2、1

3、3

4、3

5、1

6、2

7、4

8、4

9、2

10. 3

11. 4

12. 2

13-14. 1 2 5

托福TPO2Part2阅读原文翻译

沙漠已经占据了地球表面积约四分之一，而且最近几十年正以惊人的速度扩张。沙漠化是指类似沙漠的环境漫延到原本并非沙漠的区域。据估计，地球表面另外四分之一的地方正面临沙漠化威胁。

沙漠化主要通过以下过程实现：首先自然植被不断减少，随后风力和 雨水 加速了土壤的腐蚀。有的时候松散的土壤全部被风刮走，留下石质化的表层; 其它 情况下细小的沙粒可能会被吹走，而正常沙粒大小的砂子不断堆积，从而形成移动的沙丘或者沙脊。

即便是在保留了土壤表层的区域，植被减少也已成为土壤大量吸取地下水的能力下降的典型因素。雨水对松散土壤的冲击会把细小的粘土颗粒冲到土壤空隙中，封闭了土壤并降低土地表层水的渗透率。地表对水的吸收急剧减少，大量水资源流失，因此土壤的腐蚀率也随即增加。地表吸收水分的能力进一步弱化使得土壤越发干燥，导致植被的进一步流失，于是便形成了土壤沙漠化的恶性循环。

在一些地方，沙漠面积的扩大很大程度上归因于干燥的气候条件。在过去的几千年里，不断增加的温室效应使得一些地方干旱问题愈发严重。倘若空气污染带来的温室效应继续恶化，沙漠化进程会在未来数十年内加速实现。

然而，可以肯定的是，大部分地区沙漠化主要都是由于人类活动造成，而非自然条件导致。沙漠边缘的半干旱土地所处的生态平衡环境非常脆弱，环境压力持续增加，而这些半干旱区域适应环境压力的能力极其有限。人口数量的增加使得人们不断向土地施压，依其提供食物和燃料。在湿润的季节里，土地兴许能够应付这些压力。但是在干旱的季节里，在沙漠周边的土地上，存在着这样一个十分普遍的现象：人类对土地施加的压力远远超过了土地自身减压的能力，因此最终形成了沙漠。

导致沙漠化的主要因素有四个：过度 种植 ，过度放牧，过分砍伐，过度灌溉。由于人口密度增加，人们对粮食作物的种植已经扩展到日益干燥的区域进行。这些区域很有可能经常会发生干旱，所以农作物种植失败是很正常的事情。大多数农作物的种植需要事先移除天然植被，而农作物欠收后又会留下大面积荒地，非常容易被风力和雨水侵蚀。

在半干旱地区，草坪是主要的天然植被，家畜 饲养 是当地的一项主要经济活动。在一个地区过量饲养家畜会导致植被覆盖面积减少，土地被大量践踏和碾碎。通常，随之而来的就是土地硬化和加速侵蚀。

在很多国家木材是用来做饭和加热的最主要燃料。人口增加带来的压力促使人们大量砍伐木材，导致许多城市和乡村周围大面积树木和灌木减少。同时人们大量使用烘干的动物排泄物作为替代燃料同样对土壤不利，因为这些珍贵的土壤成分调节剂和植物营养资源将不会再回归至土壤当中。

造成土地沙漠化的最后一个主要人为因素在于人类过度灌溉导致土壤的盐碱化。灌溉多余的水渗透到地下水位。假如没有排水系统的存在，那么地下水位上升，把溶解的盐分带到土壤表面。水分蒸发后，盐分留在了表面，形成白色的地壳层，这一地壳层阻止了空气和水接触地底下的土壤。

沙漠化问题异常严重，这是因为有佷广阔的地区和数量庞大的人群都受到了沙漠化的影响，而且要想逆转沙漠化的进程甚至减缓沙漠化的速度都面临着巨大的困难。一旦土壤被侵蚀，需要再经过几百到上千年的时间才会产生新的土壤。那些大量土壤仍保存完好的地方，亟需一个严谨而有力的保护政策和植被覆盖计划来保护现有土地。

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