雅思阅读：剑桥雅思长难句分析（四）

1. The problem of how health-care resources should be allocated or apportioned, so that they are distributed in the most just and efficient way, is not a new one.(剑4, test4 passage 3)

分析：本句的主句为“The problem is not a new one”;“how health-care resources should be allocated or apportioned, so that they are distributed in the most just and efficient way”为how引导的宾语从句，做of的宾语;“so that they are distributed in the most just and efficient way”为so that引导的目的状语从句。

2. What is new is that, from the 1950s onwards, there have been certain general changes in outlook about the finitude of resources as a whole and of health-care resources in particular, as well as more specific changes regarding the clientele of health-care resources and the cost to the community of those resources. (剑4, test4 passage 3)

分析：本句的主句为“What is new is that…”;“that, from the 1950s onwards, there have been certain general changes in outlook about the finitude of resources as a whole and of health-care resources in particular, as well as more specific changes regarding the clientele of health-care resources and the cost to the community of those resources.”为that引导的表语从句;“regarding the clientele of health-care resources and the cost to the community of those resources”为现在分词短语做定语。

3. Thus, in the 1950s and 1960s, there emerged an awareness in Western societies that resources for the provision of fossil fuel energy were finite and exhaustible and that the capacity of nature or the environment to sustain economic development and population was also finite. (剑4, test4 passage 3)

分析：本句较长，主句为“there emerged an awareness in Western societies”;“that resources for the provision of fossil fuel energy were finite and exhaustible”和“that the capacity of nature or the environment to sustain economic development and population was also finite”为and连接的并列从句，都是that引导的同位语从句，做awareness的同位语。

4. Looking back, it now seems quite incredible that in the national health systems that emerged in many countries in the years immediately after the 1939-45 World War, it was assumed without question that all the basic health needs of any community could be satisfied, at least in principle; the ‘invisible hand’ of economic progress would provide. (剑4, test4 passage 3)

分析：本句为分号连接的两个分句，第一个分句较长，其主句为“it now seems quite incredible that…in principle”其中it为形式主语，that引导主语从句;“that emerged in many countries in the years immediately after the 1939-45 World War”为定语从句，作national health system的定语，关系词为that;在that引导的主语从句中，“that all the basic health needs of any community could be satisfied, at least in principle”为that引导的主语从句，it做形式主语。第二个分句为简单句。

5. Although the language of ‘rights’ sometimes leads to confusion, by the late 1970s it was recognized in most societies that people have a right to health-care( though there has been considerable resistance in the United States to the idea that there is a formal right to health-care). (剑4, test4 passage 3)

分析：本句的主句为“it was recognized in most societies that people have a right to health-care ”，其中it为形式主语，“that people have a right to health-care”为that引导的主语从句;“Although the language of ‘rights’ sometimes leads to confusion”为although引导的让步状语;括号部分为附加/补充的信息，为though引导的让步状语从句，在此从句中，“that there is a formal right to health-care”为that引导的同位语从句，做idea的同位语。

6. It is also accepted that this right generates an obligation or duty for the state to ensure that adequate health-care resources are provided out of the public purse. (剑4, test4 passage 3)

分析：本句中“that this right generates an obligation or duty for the state to ensure that adequate health-care resources are provided out of the public purse”为that引导的主语从句，it做形式主语;和“that adequate health-care resources are provided out of the public purse”为that引导的宾语从句，做ensure的宾语。

7. Just at the time when it became obvious that health-care resources could not possibly meet the demands being made upon them, people were demanding that their fundamental right to health-care be satisfied by the state. (剑4, test4 passage 3)

分析：本句主句为“people were demanding that their fundamental right to health-care be satisfied by the state.”“Just at the time when it became obvious that health-care resources could not possibly meet the demands being made upon them”为时间状语，其中“when it became obvious that health-care resources could not possibly meet the demands being made upon them”为定语从句，做the time的定语，关系词为when;“that their fundamental right to health-care be satisfied by the state”为that引导的宾语从句，做demand的宾语。

8. The second set of more specific changes that have led to the present concern about the distribution of health-care resources stems from the dramatic rise in health costs in most OECD countries, accompanied by large-scale demographic and social changes which have meant, to take one example, that elderly people are now major (and relatively very expensive) consumers of health-care resources. (剑4, test4 passage 3)

分析：本句主句为“The second set of more specific changes stems from the dramatic rise in health costs in most OECD countries”;“that have led to the present concern about the distribution of health-care resources.”为定语从句，做changes的定语，关系词为that;“accompanied by large-scale demographic and social changes which have meant, to take one example, that elderly people are now major (and relatively very expensive) consumers of health-care resources.”为过去分词短语做状语，其中“which have meant, to take one example, that elderly people are now major (and relatively very expensive) consumers of health-care resources.”为定语从句，做changes的定语，关系词为which,“that elderly people are now major (and relatively very expensive) consumers of health-care resources.”为that引导的宾语从句，做mean的宾语。

9. Beginning as something unusual in a handful of big cities—New York, London, Paris and Berlin—the new medium quickly found its way across the world, attracting larger and larger audiences wherever it was shown and replacing other forms of entertainment as it did so. (剑4, General Training Test A passage 3)

分析：本句的主句为“the new medium quickly found its way across the world”;“Beginning as something unusual in a handful of big cities—New York, London, Paris and Berlin”现在分词短语做状语;“attracting larger and larger audiences wherever it was shown and replacing other forms of entertainment as it did so”两个并列的分词短语做状语，其中“wherever it was shown”wherever引导的为地点状语，“as it did so”为as引导的状语从句。

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（编辑：秦洁）