雅思阅读之段落主旨配对题的解题策略-高篇

3) 中心词思路：重复原则

在很多段落中中心句并不明显，即不在句，也没有在转折处后。这就导致很多考生不知从何入手。其实，不管有没有中心句的出现，始终把握一点：一个段落的发展总会围绕一个主题去展开。只要把贯穿整个段落的 key words 找出就会迎刃而解。

例 4  In the UK, travel times to work had been stable for at least six centuries, with people avoiding situations that required them to spend more than half an hour travelling to work. Trains and cars initially allowed people to live at greater distances without taking longer to reach their destination. However, public infrastructure did not keep pace with urban sprawl, causing massive congestion problems which now make commuting times far higher.

Answer:  increases in travelling time

在这段中 , 能概括整段的中心思想的不是句 , 但是 skim 每个句子，会发现这个段落在围绕一个主题在扩展。根据每句话的主题发展： travel times...had been stable, more than half an hour→initially without taking longer→commuting times far higher. 从这个示意图可以看出这个段落的中心词是 travelling times, 并且都在重复着时间这个概念。 所以根据这一点就可以得出答案。

4) 细节概括

这种情况是主旨配对题的又一大趋势：通过段落的细节来概括主旨选标题。有时有的段落中心位于句，然而标题选项中并没有相关的表述。而是从具体的细节中概括标题。

这就再一次打破只看句或末句就能得出答案的神话， 必须要通读段落细节才能把握标题。

例 5: ( 剑桥 7 Test1 passage 2)

The consequences of our water policies extend beyond jeopardizing human health. Tens of millions of people have been forced to move from their homes---often with little warning or compensation---to make way for the reservoirs behind dams. More than 20% of all freshwater fish species are now threatened or endangered because dams and water withdrawals have destroyed the free-flowing river ecosystems where they thrive. Certain irrigation practices degrade soil quality and reduce agricultural productivity. Groundwater aquifers are being pumped down faster than they are naturally replenished in parts of India, China, the USA and elsewhere. And disputes over shared water resources have led to violence and continue to raise local, national and even international tensions.

Answer: Environmental effects

在这一段中句就告诉我们上一段主要讲 water policies 对健康的影响，而在这一段将会阐述 water policies 的其他影响， 即该句具有承上启下的作用。而这个具体的影响却要考生通读后面的细节才能总结答案。通过细节句子的发展分析： people have been forced to move→destroy the free-flowing river ecosystems→irrigation practices degrade soil quality and reduce agricultural productivity→groundwater aquifers…being pumped down faster. 从这些关键词的演示，都围绕着对生态环境和农耕的土壤和生产率的影响在阐释。所以结合选项的关键词应选择 environmental effects 这一选项。

再如，例 6 ( 剑桥 6 Test1 passage 3)

Life for the descendants of the Thule people is still harsh. Nunavut is 1.9million square kilometers of rock and ice, and a handful of islands around the North Pole. It’s currently home to 2500 people, all but a handful of them indigenous Inuit. Over the past 40 years, most have abandoned their nomadic ways and settled in the territory’s 28 isolated communities, but they still rely heavily on nature to provide food and clothing. Provisions available in local shops have to be flown into Nunavut on one of the most costly air networks in the world, or brought by supply ship during the few ice-free weeks of summer. It would cost a family around ￡ 7000 a year to replace meat they obtained themselves through hunting with imported meat. Economic opportunities are scarce, and for many people state benefits are their only income.

Answer: Alternative sources of essential supplies

这一段的中心归纳为 Thule people 后代人的生活。然而看标题选项是没有这个相关的表达，所以想选择正确的选项，还要看后面的具体细节，因为细节也是为段落中心服务的。段落二句和三句对 Thule people 的居住的地理环境的介绍，在接下来的句子中，从 rely heavily on nature to provide food and clothing 到 most costly air network or by supply ship 的转变，对应选项中的 alternatives sources, 这样一来，使文章主旨更加细化和突出，并且该段落也在关键词上重复， 即 provide, provision, supply 等，所以根据这个细节概括得出正确的选项。

总结