雅思口语tpo真题 请问,雅思和托福考试有什么区别?哪个更实用一些? - ...

亲，我觉得学习托福雅思要给你推荐几个不同的app，结合使用！
1. 背单词：百词斩和扇贝是必须要推荐的。
（1）百词斩的特点是：多图，很多词性、含义上的解释，帮助记忆。缺点：就记住图了，很可能意思含拦没记住。
（2）扇贝的特点是：词库很全，有配套的测试，随时监测你的学习进度，还有很多小组，可以和伙伴一起背。缺点：单词不耐老毕分难度等级，有的词真的是太简单了，也会出现，比较浪费时间。
其他的背单词软件都不太推荐，因为它们总要你分享解锁，真的是很烦，还得发到朋友圈集赞昌芹，感觉特别没面子。
2. 查单词：
（1）Oxford,Webster 的*词典，虽然需要付费，但是真的太值得了！因为能随时随地查发音、含义和搭配；
（2）如果想要免费的话，那我更推荐金山词霸。虽然有很多人用有道，但真的真的不推荐！因为有道的单词例句都各种错，好多词都在瞎用，特别误导我们。但是金山词霸就有【牛津词典】这个版块，很正规，本身自带的离线数据库也很靠谱，在线翻译也还行。
缺点：金山词霸最近加了好多好多广告，真的是醉了，一不小心就进广告里边了。会自动跳转到网页上，还得关了safari，再重新打开app才能使，好麻烦！
3. 刷TPO：亦鸥托福
亦鸥的TPO相对较全，所有题目都有解析，完成后还可以得到测试分析。历年真题，随便下载，不收费。比较好用。
4. 刷口语写作：亦鸥托福
基本上考托福的学口语一定会来亦鸥，这里几乎每道题都有1000+的答题录音，其中特别好的还会进入“优秀录音”，有的答案超级好，比老师给的都好。然后这里有推荐亦鸥90题，把题目分成了不同类别，每个题目都有优秀录音和sampleanswer，学起来能参考非常多。缺点：在*app上没法练写作文，必须要移步PC端才能打作文，*端只能写一写提纲。不过也正常，毕竟最后考试是用计算机考试，还是用电脑练比较科学嘛！
5. 听微课：亦鸥托福/雅思
亦鸥上有很多网友自己讲托福的课程，每个都是15分钟左右，也不长。最关键，都是实战经验，所以特别有参考价值，这里也有很多经验帖，一些100+的大神会写很多自己的复习经验和推荐的学习资料，很受用。缺点：微课的主题多为口语和写作，阅读听力方面的相对较少，可能也是因为这个app本来就是练习口语和写作的吧。

6．亦鸥有专业的老师组建学习的托福、雅思的晨读班，规划每天学习计划，专业老师点评，让你轻松应考。

一、话题
托福官方指南中将托福听力对话部分分为两类：office hours与service encounters。office hours是美国课后与老顷型师交流的时间，讲的基本是一些与学术或是课程有关的问题。而service encounters则是校园中日常起居有关的话题。
近期来说conversation的话题包含讨论论文/研究项目、图书馆相关问题、工作选课相关问题等。依据去年考试频次主要考察的是如下话题分类
作业考试类，比如TPO12-C1
资讯类，比如TPO5-C1
校园服务类，比如TPO33-C1
图书馆相关类，比如TPO27-C1、TPO7-C2
课堂内容讨论类，比如TPO31-C1
工作就业类，比如TPO6-C1、TPO11-C2
细化其内容，主要讲的包含：
1、询问作业
a) 澄清作业具体要求b) 作业具体要求,步骤,先后顺序等问题c) 学生对完成作业难易度的判断
2、询问课程
a) 学生咨询选课计划,选多少,选哪些,及如何满足某缺乎仔些课的特殊要求b) 教授对学生选课计划的担忧 c) 教授对学生选课的建议 d) 该课程最终得分情况
3、询问论文
a) 对话目的- 确定论题, 选定题目有困难b) 讨论论文得分及被教授指出优缺点c) 论文进度及教授的具体要求 d) 请求延期
4、询问考试
a) 关于考试建议,复习建议 b)分数讨论,过低如何补救c) 大小测验占总成绩比重(出勤率及课堂参与度) d) 成绩单出现的问题(出错/更改)
5、图书馆场景
a) 还书是否及时 overdue, duedate b) 是否罚款 fine, check out(付帐后离开) c) 借书时困难的解决 put an hold on the book(预约借书) d) 还书时发生误会等
二、词汇
托福听力词汇是基础，在上述场景和话题中，有些词汇是经常出现的，大家一定要熟悉这些词汇。(是从听上熟悉哦)
professor’s office hour 教授答疑时间
lecture hall 讲堂，讲演厅，报告厅
tutorial 个别指导
deadline 最后期限，截止时间
overdue 过期的
schedule 时间表，计划v. 安排，计划
time slot 时间空档
signature签字，签名
dissertation 论文
course 课程
option 选修科目
presentation (国外学生在课堂上所做的)演讲
field work 野外考察 实地考察
attendance 出勤， 上课
information 信息
exam schedule 考试时间表
term 学期
date 日伏汪期
book 预定
department 院系
invigilator 监考人员
sign up 注册
sheet 单子
bulletin board 公告板
draft 草稿
dean 系主任
review 复习
draw up 结论
manually 手工的
consult 咨询
register 注册
physiology 生理学
sophomore 大二学生
second year course 大二课程
first year student 新生
transfer 转系转专业
begin my first lecture 开始第一次课
introduce 介绍
complete 完全的
approach 方法途径
laws of physics and chemistry 物理化学定律
process of life 生命进程
vital force 关键力量
philosophical approach 哲学方法
scientific experimentation 科学实验
final exam 期末考试
midterm 期中考试
multiple choice question 多选题
essay question 问答题
comprehensive exam 综合测试
the subject 主题
review 复习
text book 教材
class note 课堂笔记
the final will count for 50% of your grade 期末考试占总成绩的50%
research project 调查项目
run into problems 遇到困难
school bulletin 学校公告栏
required writing course 必修写作课程
first year student 大一新生
third year stuent 大三学生
research paper 调查报告
sign up 注册
cover the entire process of writing a research paper 涵盖论文写作的全过程
selecting topic 选择性题目
final format 最终格式
presentation 课堂展示
hand in 提交
assignment 作业
final grade 最终分数
class meeting 班会
lecture 讲座，课程
different concept 不同的概念
hand in 提交
issue 发行
revision 复习
grade 分数
research paper 论文
due 截止日期
proposed topics 推荐的论文选题
make comment 评论
the most frequent problem 最常见的问题
broad 广泛的
preliminary outline 初步提纲
schedule 计划表
available 可利用的
appointment 预约，约会
final outline 最终提纲
no more than two pages long 不得多于2页
thesis statement 论文陈述
precise statement 精确的陈述
conclusion 总结
以上就是常考的托福听力对话话题和常常会涉及到的词汇，同学们备考的时候一定要注意增加精听练习，提升自己的听音辨音能力，同时在听的过程中学会记录笔记、熟悉出题点。

托福TPO作衡弊扮为大家托福备考的模考工具，它的题目对我们有很大的参考价值，为了帮助大咐灶家备考，下面我给大家带来托福TPO2Part2阅读原文卜答及参考答案，望喜欢。

托福TPO2Part2阅读原文

The Origins Of Cetaceans

It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke1 and blowhole2 cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale. The fossil was officially named Pakicetus in honor of the country where the discovery was made. Pakicetus was found embedded in rocks formed from river deposits that were 52 million years old. The river that formed these deposits was actually not far from an ancient ocean known as the Tethys Sea.

The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte, an extinct group of ancestors of modern cetaceans. Although limited to a skull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans. The skull is cetacean-like but its jawbones lack the enlarged space that is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater sound in modern whales. Pakicetus probably detected sound through the ear opening as in land mammals. The skull also lacks a blowhole, another cetacean adaptation for diving. Other features, however, show experts that Pakicetus is a transitional form between a group of extinct flesh-eating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans. It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land.

Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too *all to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.

An even more exciting find was reported in 1994, also from Pakistan. The now extinct whale Ambulocetus natans ("the walking whale that swam") lived in the Tethys Sea 49 million years ago. It lived around 3 million years after Pakicetus but 9 million before Basilosaurus. The fossil luckily includes a good portion of the hind legs. The legs were strong and ended in long feet very much like those of a modern pinniped. The legs were certainly functional both on land and at sea. The whale retained a tail and lacked a fluke, the major means of locomotion in modern cetaceans. The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing. The large hind legs were used for propulsion in water. On land, where it probably bred and gave birth, Ambulocetus may have moved around very much like a modern sea lion. It was undoubtedly a whale that linked life on land with life at sea

Fluke: the two parts that constitute the large triangular tail of a whale

1. "Blowhole: a hole in the top of the head used for breathing

Paragraph 1: It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke3 and blowhole4 cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

托福TPO2Part2阅读题目

Directions: Mark your answer by filling in the oval next to your choice.

1. In paragraph 1, what does the author say about the presence of a blowhole in cetaceans?

It clearly indicates that cetaceans are mammals.

It cannot conceal the fact that cetaceans are mammals.

It is the main difference between cetaceans and land-dwelling mammals.

It cannot yield clues about the origins of cetaceans.

2. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?

It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like

There were great numbers of them.

They lived in the sea only.

They did not leave many fossil remains.

Paragraph 3: The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte, an extinct group of ancestors of modern cetaceans. Although limited to a skull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans. The skull is cetacean-like but its jawbones lack the enlarged space that is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater sound in modern whales. Pakicetus probably detected sound through the ear opening as in land mammals. The skull also lacks a blowhole, another cetacean adaptation for diving. Other features, however, show experts that Pakicetus is a transitional form between a group of extinct flesh-eating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans. It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land.

3. The word precious in the passage is closest in meaning to

Exact

Scarce

Valuable

Initial

4. Pakicetus and modern cetaceans have similar

Hearing structures

Adaptations for diving

Skull shapes

Breeding locations

5. The word it in the passage refers to

Pakicetus

Fish

Life

ocean

Paragraph 4: Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too *all to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.

6. The word exposed in the passage is closest in meaning to

Explained

Visible

Identified

Located

7. The hind leg of Basilosaurus was a significant find because it showed that Basilosaurus

Lived later than Ambulocetus natans

Lived at the same time as Pakicetus

Was able to swim well

Could not have walked on land

8. It can be inferred that Basilosaurus bred and gave birth in which of the following locations

On land

Both on land and at sea

In shallow water

In a marine environment

Paragraph 5: An even more exciting find was reported in 1994, also from Pakistan. The now extinct whale Ambulocetus natans ("the walking whale that swam") lived in the Tethys Sea 49 million years ago. It lived around 3 million years after Pakicetus but 9 million before Basilosaurus. The fossil luckily includes a good portion of the hind legs. The legs were strong and ended in long feet very much like those of a modern pinniped. The legs were certainly functional both on land and at sea. The whale retained a tail and lacked a fluke, the major means of locomotion in modern cetaceans. The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing. The large hind legs were used for propulsion in water. On land, where it probably bred and gave birth, Ambulocetus may have moved around very much like a modern sea lion. It was undoubtedly a whale that linked life on land with life at sea

9. Why does the author use the word luckily in mentioning that the Ambulocetus natans fossil included hind legs?

Fossil legs of early whales are a rare find.

The legs provided important information about the evolution of cetaceans.

The discovery allowed scientists to reconstruct a complete skeleton of the whale.

Until that time, only the front legs of early whales had been discovered.

10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?

Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

Even though Ambulocetus swam by moving its body up and down, it did not have a backbone.

The backbone of Ambulocetus, which allowed it to swim, provides evidence of its missing fluke.

Although Ambulocetus had no fluke, its backbone structure shows that it swam like modern whales.

By moving the rear parts of their bodies up and down, modern whales swim in a different way from the way Ambulocetus swam.

11. The word propulsion in the passage is closest in meaning to

Staying afloat

Changing direction

Decreasing weight

Moving forward

Paragraph 1: Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. ■How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? ■Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.■Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. ■In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale.

12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.

This is a question that has puzzled scientists for ages.

Where would the sentence best fit?

13-14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

This passage discusses fossils that help to explain the likely origins of cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins.

●

●

●

Answer Choices

1. Recent discoveries of fossils have helped to show the link between land mammals and cetaceans.

2. The discovery of Ambulocetus natans provided evidence for a whale that lived both on land and at sea.

3. The skeleton of Basilosaurus was found in what had been the Tethys Sea, an area rich in fossil evidence.

4. Pakicetus is the oldest fossil whale yet to be found.

5. Fossils thought to be transitional forms between walking mammals and swimming whales were found.

6. Ambulocetus' hind legs were used for propulsion in the water

托福TPO2Part2 阅读答案

参考答案：

1、2

2、1

3、3

4、3

5、1

6、2

7、4

8、4

9、2

10. 3

11. 4

12. 2

13-14. 1 2 5

托福TPO2Part2阅读原文翻译

沙漠已经占据了地球表面积约四分之一，而且最近几十年正以惊人的速度扩张。沙漠化是指类似沙漠的环境漫延到原本并非沙漠的区域。据估计，地球表面另外四分之一的地方正面临沙漠化威胁。

沙漠化主要通过以下过程实现：首先自然植被不断减少，随后风力和 雨水 加速了土壤的腐蚀。有的时候松散的土壤全部被风刮走，留下石质化的表层; 其它 情况下细小的沙粒可能会被吹走，而正常沙粒大小的砂子不断堆积，从而形成移动的沙丘或者沙脊。

即便是在保留了土壤表层的区域，植被减少也已成为土壤大量吸取地下水的能力下降的典型因素。雨水对松散土壤的冲击会把细小的粘土颗粒冲到土壤空隙中，封闭了土壤并降低土地表层水的渗透率。地表对水的吸收急剧减少，大量水资源流失，因此土壤的腐蚀率也随即增加。地表吸收水分的能力进一步弱化使得土壤越发干燥，导致植被的进一步流失，于是便形成了土壤沙漠化的恶性循环。

在一些地方，沙漠面积的扩大很大程度上归因于干燥的气候条件。在过去的几千年里，不断增加的温室效应使得一些地方干旱问题愈发严重。倘若空气污染带来的温室效应继续恶化，沙漠化进程会在未来数十年内加速实现。

然而，可以肯定的是，大部分地区沙漠化主要都是由于人类活动造成，而非自然条件导致。沙漠边缘的半干旱土地所处的生态平衡环境非常脆弱，环境压力持续增加，而这些半干旱区域适应环境压力的能力极其有限。人口数量的增加使得人们不断向土地施压，依其提供食物和燃料。在湿润的季节里，土地兴许能够应付这些压力。但是在干旱的季节里，在沙漠周边的土地上，存在着这样一个十分普遍的现象：人类对土地施加的压力远远超过了土地自身减压的能力，因此最终形成了沙漠。

导致沙漠化的主要因素有四个：过度 种植 ，过度放牧，过分砍伐，过度灌溉。由于人口密度增加，人们对粮食作物的种植已经扩展到日益干燥的区域进行。这些区域很有可能经常会发生干旱，所以农作物种植失败是很正常的事情。大多数农作物的种植需要事先移除天然植被，而农作物欠收后又会留下大面积荒地，非常容易被风力和雨水侵蚀。

在半干旱地区，草坪是主要的天然植被，家畜 饲养 是当地的一项主要经济活动。在一个地区过量饲养家畜会导致植被覆盖面积减少，土地被大量践踏和碾碎。通常，随之而来的就是土地硬化和加速侵蚀。

在很多国家木材是用来做饭和加热的最主要燃料。人口增加带来的压力促使人们大量砍伐木材，导致许多城市和乡村周围大面积树木和灌木减少。同时人们大量使用烘干的动物排泄物作为替代燃料同样对土壤不利，因为这些珍贵的土壤成分调节剂和植物营养资源将不会再回归至土壤当中。

造成土地沙漠化的最后一个主要人为因素在于人类过度灌溉导致土壤的盐碱化。灌溉多余的水渗透到地下水位。假如没有排水系统的存在，那么地下水位上升，把溶解的盐分带到土壤表面。水分蒸发后，盐分留在了表面，形成白色的地壳层，这一地壳层阻止了空气和水接触地底下的土壤。

沙漠化问题异常严重，这是因为有佷广阔的地区和数量庞大的人群都受到了沙漠化的影响，而且要想逆转沙漠化的进程甚至减缓沙漠化的速度都面临着巨大的困难。一旦土壤被侵蚀，需要再经过几百到上千年的时间才会产生新的土壤。那些大量土壤仍保存完好的地方，亟需一个严谨而有力的保护政策和植被覆盖计划来保护现有土地。

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新托福的成绩只能用于留学申请使用，而雅思考试因为有A类和G类之分，A类的雅思成绩用于留学申请，G类的雅思成绩则可以用于申请移民，所以相对来说雅思考试的适用范围更广一些。
其实雅思与托福考试一直是国内影响力最大的两种出国类语言测试。近年来，随着雅思考试的兴起，托福考试的霸主地位受到极大挑战。这个全新考试系统给雅思带来不小的冲击。那么雅思考试和新托福考试到底有哪些相同性和不同性呢？
A.雅思考试与新托福考试的相似性：
（1）两者均为国际性英语语言测试
雅思考试是由“剑桥大学考试委员会”、“澳大利亚国际教育开发署”和“英国文化协会”三家国际性机构联手在全球推出的国际英语语言测试。而新托福的主办方则是美国有着100多年历史的老牌教育服务机构“ETS”。两种考试都是名副其实的“国际性考试”。
（2）两者均为留学的敲门砖
拥有雅思或（新）托福的成绩，等于拥有了进入国际院校的敲门砖。
（3）两者均为听说读写同等重要
雅思和新托福从考试形式上来看都是分为听、说、读、写四门，而且四门各自计算成绩最后再折算成总分。雅思的总分是听、说、读、写四门成绩总分的平均（满分9分），而新托福总分则是四门成绩的总计（满分120分）。可以看出雅思和新托福考试都是需要对学生英语语言能力做全面测试，且对考生的听、说、读、写四门技能同等重视。
（4）两者有效期、适用性和认可度基本相同
目前，雅思和新托福成绩的有效期均为两年。从适用性和认可度来看，随着两种考试在全球范围的不断推广，绝大多数国外大学现在就已经明确表示雅思和新托福成绩均被接收。
B.雅思与新托福的主要区别
（1）单独计算VS.总体评分
IELTS考试分为听力9、阅读9、写作9、口语9四个独立部分，四个部分单独计分，最终成绩为四项的平均成绩9；而TOEFL考试总分则是四门成绩的总计（满启启分120分）。
（2）IELTS适合人群VS. TOEFL适合人群
IELTS适合人群：想去英联邦留学的学生或移民加拿大，澳大利亚和新西兰的人员。雅思考试对词汇的要求并不是很高，但却非常生活化。TOEFL适合人群：希望去美棚老国、加拿大等国留学的学生。
（3）笔考VS.网考
雅思考试现在还是传统的笔试模式。而新托福则是以网考的形式进行，整个新托福考试的运行都要通过电脑来完成。
（4）人人对话VS.人机对话
雅思的口语考试是由考官和考生*的交谈。新托福考试的口语部分，考生将戴上耳机听考题，然后在限定时间内思考，最后对着麦克风在规定的时间内进行回答。整个过程考生面对的链旁升是机器、屏幕提示和读秒指示。
（5）英式文化VS.美式文化
IELTS考试是以国际化为出发点，涉及的文化地理等方面知识以英澳两国居多。TOEFL则是以美式英语为基准，听力中完全是标准的美音，而且也有美式的习语、俚语出现，涉及有大量关于美国的历史、文化、政治、地理等方面的内容。
（6）单独技能VS.综合技能
虽然都是分为听、说、读、写四科分别测试，但雅思考试的四科测试要相对独立。新托福考试中的一个难点则是综合技能的测试。典型的例子是考生在完成写作的第一道考题时，要先三分钟读一段文字，然后两分钟再听一段听力材料，之后再二十分钟针对这段文字和这段听力材料之间的联系说一分钟或者写一篇150－225字的作文。